Survival Skills
　　by Thom Pollard
　　翻译：华仔

　　原文地址http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/denali/kids/skills.html

　　译者尽可能如实的翻译原文，本文仅供参考。如需转载，请全文转载并注明原出处

　　因为滑坠制动和裂缝救援以前有登山圣经和相关资料描述得很清楚，所以我就没有译。

　　Survival Skills: Snow Cave

　　A snow cave can mean the difference between life and death during a storm, but digging one requires not just know-how but the right conditions: deep snow, a steep slope, and snow of the right consistency for digging.


　　在暴风雪来临的时候，一个雪洞可能意味着生和死的不同。但是挖一个雪洞不仅仅是需要挖的决窍，还需要合适的情形：雪的深度，斜坡的陡峭程度，雪的密实程度是否适合开挖。

　　Begin by digging an entrance large enough for a climber to crawl through. It should be about three feet deep, and dug directly into the slope. The entrance should also be lower than the main chamber to prevent winds from blowing into the cave.

　　首先要挖一个大的能使攀登者能爬着通过的入口。正对着坡面挖三英尺深，入口要比主室低防止风吹进主室去

　　 Next, dig the main chamber in, upwards, and to the sides of the portal. Do not dig down. The outer walls should be no less than one foot thick. As the climber digs, he/she pushes the snow to the doorway, where a partner helps shovel the snow outside the cave. Continue to dig until there is enough room for the number of people in the party to lie down, and to sit or stand comfortably. The main chamber should be level and flat.

　　接着直接从入口朝上挖主室，不要向下挖。外墙壁厚不要少于一英尺。当一个人挖的时候，他（她）要把挖下来的雪往门口推，另一个队友帮着把雪铲出洞外，继续挖掘，直到空间能够容纳所有的队友能够舒服的坐卧或者站立。主室的地面要挖平整。

　　 After the main chamber has been dug, create a ventilation hole with an ice axe. When all occupants are inside, blocks of snow can be placed in the doorway to stop wind from blowing inside.

　　雪洞挖好后用冰镐做一个通风孔，等所有的人都进来后用雪把入口垫起来防止风吹进来。

　　Survival Skills: Igloo

　　Igloos can withstand hurricane force winds. Start with a base area, packed down by stamping out the area with your feet. In a work area nearby, a second person should begin harvesting blocks about 2.5 feet wide, 1.5 feet high, and .5 feet deep.

　　园顶雪屋能够抵御狂风，首先找一个基本场地，用脚把那个区域的雪都踩结实，接着在工作区域锯出大约2.5英尺宽,1.5英尺高
,0.5英尺厚的雪砖.

　　Make the base layer of the igloo, being sure to make the igloo big enough so that up to four or more people can sleep comfortably. One person should work inside, constantly adjusting the blocks and filling in the cracks between the blocks.

　　垒雪屋的最底层,雪屋的面积要足够大,能让四个或更多的人舒服的躺下.一个人在里面工作,不停地调校雪砖的位置,并把砖缝用雪填实.

　　The second row of blocks should be cut beveled at the bottom so the layer begins to slant inward toward the middle. Initially, the person inside must work carefully to prevent the blocks from falling; after three or so blocks are placed side by side, they should hold themselves up. Continue to work upward so that the top of the igloo is about shoulder height with the person working inside.

　　第二层的雪砖底部要切割的有一个斜度,这样垒起来就向中间收口了.开始的时候里面的人一定要小心工作了防止雪墙倒塌,一块一块垒到第三层的时候雪墙就能自已支撑住不倒了.继续向上垒直到有里面工作的人的肩膀那么高.

　　At the very top there will be a hole that can be filled with one single block. After the igloo is completed begin to dig downward to enlarge the inner chamber. The entrance should be dug in below the main chamber area, similar to the snow cave. Cut vents in one or two places for air circulation.

　　垒到最后顶部只剩下一个小洞的时候,正好用一块雪砖填补,那么一个园顶的雪屋就做好了.然后开始向下挖以扩大室内的空间,入口一定要挖的比室内低,就象挖雪洞一样,再挖一到两个通风孔保持室内空气流通就大功告成了.